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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2279</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ2279</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Lead article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Передовая статья</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modern aspects of the natural course of chronic viral hepatitis B</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные аспекты естественного течения хронического вирусного гепатита В</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Enaleeva</surname><given-names>D Sh</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еналеева</surname><given-names>Диляра Шакировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>elsagaj@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2012-04-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>93</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 93, NO2 (2012)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 93, №2 (2012)</issue-title><fpage>161</fpage><lpage>166</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2016-03-28"><day>28</day><month>03</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2012, Enaleeva D.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2012, Еналеева Д.Ш.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Enaleeva D.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Еналеева Д.Ш.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/2279">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/2279</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Currently there are about 400 million people infected with the hepatitis B virus, including five million people - in Russia. A serious problem is the development of complications of chronic viral hepatitis’ - liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, from which eventually 20-35% of patients die. Undoubtedly, the outstanding science achievement of the XX century was the creation of a genetically engineered vaccine against hepatitis B. The pursued immunizations on a global scale has led to significant results - reduction of the number of cases of acute forms of viral hepatitis B, the frequency of formation of the chronic variant of the disease. Despite these successes, there remains the problem of prevention of the perinatal transmission path. Identified were the risk factors for neonatal infection, amongst which the most significant are the presence of the antigen of the hepatitis B virus, which is not a part of the Dane particles (HBEAg), and the level of viremia prior to delivery. The basis of prevention is an active-passive immunization, which helps prevent infection in infants in 90-95% of cases. Encouraging results (reduction in the risk of infant infection) were obtained in studies of antiviral therapy in the III trimester of pregnancy. The introduction of new molecular biological diagnostic methods (polymerase chain reaction) made it possible to determine the genetic material of the virus in serum and tissues, the presence of mutations and genetic variability of the virus. At present, identified are the factors that determine the progression of the disease, the efficacy of antiviral therapy. Identified are the new variants of the clinical course of viral hepatitis B, depending on the profile of the serological (antigen-antibody) markers. The latent course of viral hepatitis B deserves special attention. The serological feature of this variant is the presence of «isolated» antibodies and/or deoxyribonucleic acid of the virus, or the absence of all markers of hepatitis B. It is obvious that patients with a latent course of infection pose a real threat in spreading viral hepatitis B.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В настоящее время в мире около 400 млн людей инфицированы вирусом гепатита В, в том числе 5 млн человек - в России. Серьёзную проблему представляет развитие осложнений хронических вирусных гепатитов - цирроза печени и гепатоцеллюлярной карциномы, от которых со временем погибают 20-35% больных. Несомненно, выдающимся достижением науки XX века стало создание генноинженерной вакцины против гепатита В. Проводимая вакцинопрофилактика в мировом масштабе привела к существенным результатам - снижению количества случаев острых форм вирусного гепатита В, частоты формирования хронических вариантов заболевания. Несмотря на достигнутые успехи, сохраняется проблема профилактики перинатального пути заражения. Определены факторы риска инфицирования новорождённых, среди которых наиболее значимы наличие антигена вируса гепатита В, не входящего в состав частиц Дейна (HBEAg), и уровень виремии перед родами. Основой профилактики служит активно-пассивная иммунизация, которая позволяет предотвратить заражение новорождённых в 90-95% случаев. Обнадёживающие результаты (снижение риска инфицирования новорождённых) получены в исследованиях по противовирусной терапии в III триместре беременности. Внедрение новых молекулярно-биологических методов диагностики (полимеразно-цепной реакции) позволило определить генетический материал вируса в сыворотке крови и тканях, наличие мутаций и генетической вариабельности вируса. В настоящее время выявлены факторы, определяющие прогрессирование заболевания и эффективность противовирусной терапии. Выделены новые варианты клинического течения вирусного гепатита В в зависимости от профиля серологических (антиген-антительных) маркёров. Особого внимания заслуживает латентное течение вирусного гепатита В. Серологическая особенность данного варианта - наличие «изолированных» антител и/или дезоксирибонуклеиновой кислоты вируса либо отсутствие всех маркёров вирусного гепатита В. Очевидно, что пациенты с латентно протекающей инфекцией представляют реальную угрозу распространения вирусного гепатита В.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>viral hepatitis B</kwd><kwd>serological markers of hepatitis B</kwd><kwd>latent course</kwd><kwd>prevention of perinatal infection</kwd><kwd>active-passive immunization</kwd><kwd>antiviral therapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирусный гепатит В</kwd><kwd>серологические маркёры вирусного гепатита В</kwd><kwd>латентное течение</kwd><kwd>профилактика перинатального инфицирования</kwd><kwd>активно-пассивная иммунизация</kwd><kwd>противовирусная терапия</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Абдрахманов Д.Т. Хронический гепатит В и D. - М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2010. - 286 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Бацких С.Н. 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