Kazan medical journalKazan medical journalКазанский медицинский журнал0368-48142587-9359Eco-Vector2070910.17816/KMJ2020-381ReviewsОбзорыResearch ArticleChildren and adolescents’ obesity is the 21st century health problemОжирение у детей и подростков — проблема здравоохранения XXI века9653-5880BocharovaO VБочароваОльга Владимировна
Russian Federation
bocharova.olga.vl@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3585-70265864-9883TeplyakovaE DТепляковаЕлена Дмитриевна
Russian Federation

doctor of medical Sciences Professor; Deputy head of the health Department

bocharova.olga.vl@gmail.comCity Children's Outpatient Clinic №4Детская городская поликлиника №4Rostov State Medical UniversityРостовский государственный медицинский университетDepartment of HealthУправление здравоохранения1306202010133813881802202020032020Copyright ©; 2020, Bocharova O.V., Teplyakova E.D.Copyright ©; 2020, Бочарова О.В., Теплякова Е.Д.2020Bocharova O.V., Teplyakova E.D.Бочарова О.В., Теплякова Е.Д.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/20709

The article presents a literature review which devotes to one of the major issues of healthcare today — obesity in children and adolescents. The consequences of childhood obesity, methods of determination and pathophysiology of obesity are described in detail. It was considered the influence of genetic factors in the formation of obesity, the effect of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of obesity. The literature search was carried out in the databases of NCBI, PubMed, PubMed Central, eLIBRARY.ru, etc. Obesity in children and adolescents is one of the most important issues for people from most countries in today's world. Worldwide, the prevalence of this pathology has increased over the past three decades. Obesity in children and adolescents is a complex, multifactorial disease in which genetic and non-genetic factors can be identified. Although the vast majority of childhood obesity incidents are exogenous, a small proportion may have endogenous causes. Currently, particular importance is attached to the study of hereditary predictors of obesity and its main complications. Being a complex and inherited trait (disease), obesity is a consequence of the interaction of genetic predisposition, epigenetics, metagenomics, and the environment. Also, recent experimental and clinical data show the importance of intestinal microbiota, which can cause overweight and obesity in some patients. Molecular genetic studies have confirmed changes in intestinal biocenosis with developing obesity in children and adolescents. Obesity, which began in childhood, causes short-term and long-term adverse effects on physical and psychosocial health and largely becomes a risk factor for the development of various metabolic disorders and cardiovascular pathology. Understanding the multifactorial mechanisms involved in the formation of obesity in children and adolescents provides opportunities for the early prevention of obesity and its complications.

В статье представлен обзор литературных источников, посвящённых одной из важных проблем современного здравоохранения — ожирению у детей и подростков. Подробно описаны последствия ожирения в детском возрасте, методы определения и патофизиология ожирения. Рассмотрены влияние генетических факторов формирования ожирения и влияние микробиоты кишечника в патогенезе данной патологии. Поиск литературы проведён по базам данных NCBI, PubMed, PubMed Central, Elibrary и др. Ожирение среди детей и подростков в современном мире представляет собой одну из важнейших проблем для жителей большинства стран мира. Во всём мире распространённость данной патологии возросла за последние три десятилетия. Ожирение у детей и подростков — сложное многофакторное состояние, в котором можно выделить генетические и негенетические факторы. Хотя в подавляющем большинстве случаев детское ожирение бывает экзогенным, небольшая доля может иметь эндогенные причины. В настоящее время особое значение придают исследованию наследственных предикторов ожирения и его основных осложнений. Будучи сложным и наследуемым признаком (заболеванием), ожирение является следствием взаимодействия генетической восприимчивости, эпигенетики, метагеномики и окружающей среды. Также последние экспериментальные и клинические данные показывают важную роль кишечной микробиоты, которая может стать причиной развития избыточного веса и ожирения у некоторых пациентов. Молекулярно-генетическими исследованиями подтверждено изменение кишечного биоценоза с развитием ожирения у детей и подростков. Ожирение, начавшееся в детском возрасте, влечёт за собой краткосрочные и долгосрочные неблагоприятные последствия для физического и психосоциального здоровья и во многом становится фактором риска развития различных метаболических нарушений и сердечно-сосудистой патологии. Понимание мультифакториальных механизмов, участвующих в формировании ожирения у детей и подростков, предоставляет перспективы для ранней профилактики ожирения и его осложнений.

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