<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">19437</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ2020-58</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiovascular events and mortality in the long term in young patients with acute disorders of ­cerebral circulation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сердечно-сосудистые события и смертность в отдалённом периоде у молодых пациентов с перенесёнными острыми нарушениями мозгового кровообращения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shamkina</surname><given-names>A R</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шамкина</surname><given-names>Айгуль Робертовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>schamkina.aigul@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galeeva</surname><given-names>Sh Sh</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галеева</surname><given-names>Шамиля Шамилевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>schamkina.aigul@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-02-11" publication-format="electronic"><day>11</day><month>02</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>101</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>58</fpage><lpage>66</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-02-07"><day>07</day><month>02</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-02-07"><day>07</day><month>02</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Shamkina A.R., Galeeva S.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Шамкина А.Р., Галеева Ш.Ш.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shamkina A.R., Galeeva S.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шамкина А.Р., Галеева Ш.Ш.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/19437">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/19437</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review presents the results of various studies on the problem of cardiovascular events and the risk of their development as well as long-term mortality in young patients with cerebrovascular accidents or strokes. In recent decades, there has been a tendency to rejuvenation of cerebrovascular diseases often leading to fatal outcomes. At present, the question of the course of stroke in the acute stage of the disease is most studied. Meanwhile, the study of late, including long-term (5 years or more) results of the stroke is important for planning the organization of medical care using the principles of evidence-based medicine. The long-term prognosis for young patients who underwent strokes is of particular interest from a medical and social point of view due to the increase of life expectancy and basic responsibilities at a difficult stage of life. According to a meta-analysis carried out on the results of prospective studies, it was found that the prognosis of a “young” stroke is not as favorable as it was previously thought with respect to the development of cardiovascular diseases or psychosocial consequences as well as mortality. It was shown that the risk of death among young patients aged 18 to 49 years who survived a 30-day primary stroke, compared to the risk of death in the general population, remained increased even after 15 years. However, this issue remains still insufficiently studied. Further research is needed in this area.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В обзоре представлены результаты исследований по изучению проблемы сердечно-сосудистых событий и риска их развития, а также смертности в отдалённом периоде у молодых пациентов с перенесёнными острыми нарушениями мозгового кровообращения, или инсультами. В последние десятилетия отмечают тенденцию к омоложению цереброваскулярных катастроф, часто приводящих к смертельному исходу. В настоящее время наиболее изучен вопрос о течении инсульта в острой стадии заболевания. Между тем изучение отдалённых, в том числе долгосрочных (5 лет и более), исходов инсульта важно для планирования организации медицинской помощи с использованием принципов доказательной медицины. Отдалённый прогноз для молодых пациентов, перенёсших инсульт, представляет особый интерес с медицинской и социальной точек зрения ввиду увеличения продолжительности жизни и основных обязанностей на сложном этапе жизни. По данным метаанализа, проведённого по результатам проспективных исследований, было установлено, что прогноз «молодого» инсульта бывает не таким благоприятным, как считали ранее, в отношении развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний или психосоциальных последствий, а также смертности. Показано, что риск смерти среди молодых пациентов в возрасте от 18 до 49 лет, переживших 30-дневный первичный инсульт, по сравнению с риском смерти в общей популяции оставался повышенным даже через 15 лет. Однако этот вопрос до сих пор остаётся недостаточно изученным. Необходимы дальнейшие исследования в этой области.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cardiovascular risk</kwd><kwd>mortality</kwd><kwd>long-term period</kwd><kwd>acute disorders of cerebral circulation</kwd><kwd>young age</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сердечно-сосудистый риск</kwd><kwd>смертность</kwd><kwd>отдалённый период</kwd><kwd>острые нарушения мозгового кровообращения</kwd><kwd>молодой возраст</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Alberts M.J. Ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2002; 13 (suppl. 1): 12–16. DOI: 10.1159/000047784.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Benjamin E.J., Virani S.S., Callaway C.W. et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics — 2018 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018; 137: 67–492. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000558.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>The Burden of Stroke in Europe. London: Stroke Alliance for Europe. 2015; 108 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polikarpov A.V., Aleksandrova G.A., Golubev N.A. Zabolevaemost' vsego naseleniya Rossii v 2017 godu. Statisticheskie materialy. (Morbidity of the whole population of Russia in 2017. Statistical materials.) Moscow. 2018; 140 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поликарпов А.В., Александрова Г.А., Голубев Н.А. Заболеваемость всего населения России в 2017 году. Статистические материалы. М. 2018; 140 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boytsov S.A., Martsevich S.J., Kutishenko N.P. et al. The study “Register of patients after acute stroke (region)”. Part 1. Hospital prospective register of patients after acute stroke (according to the results of the pilot phase of the study). Ratsional'naya farmakoterapiya v kardiologii. 2016; 6: 645–653. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бойцов С.А., Марцевич С.Ю., Кутишенко Н.П. и др. Исследование «Регистр больных, перенёсших острое нарушение мозгового кровообращения (регион)». Часть 1. Госпитальный проспективный регистр больных, перенёсших острое нарушение мозгового кровообращения (по результатам пилотного этапа исследования). Рационал. фармакотерап. в кардиол. 2016; 12 (6): 645–653. DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2016-12-6-645-653.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burtsev E.M. Violation of cerebral circulation at a young age. Klinicheskaya meditsina. 1986; (9): 30–36. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бурцев Е.М. Нарушение мозгового кровообращения в молодом возрасте. Клин. мед. 1986; (9): 30–36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Begidova N.M., Ulimbasheva E.S., Chudopal S.M. Pathogenetic subtypes and risk factors for stroke in young people in Kabardino-Balkaria. Neyroimmunologiya. 2003; (2): 19. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бегидова Н.М., Улимбашева Э.С., Чудопал С.М. Патогенетические подтипы и факторы риска инсульта у лиц молодого возраста в Кабардино-Балкарии. Нейроиммунология. 2003; (2): 19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Yesilot Barlas N., Putaala J., Waje-Andreassen U. et al. Etiology of first-ever ischemic stroke in European young adults: the 15 Cities Young Stroke Study. Eur. J. Neurol. 2013; 20 (11): 1431–1439. DOI: 10.1111/ene.12228.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Dževdet S. Strokes in young adults: epidemiology and prevention. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 2015; 11: 157–164. DOI: 10.2147/VHRM.S53203.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Bejot Y., Delpont B., Giroud M. Rising stroke incidence in young adults: more epidemiological evidence, more questions to be answered. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2016; 11 (5): 5–12. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.116.003661.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Schöberl F., Ringleb P.A., Wakili R. et al. Juvenile Stroke: A Practice-Oriented Overview. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int. 2017; 114 (31–32): 527–534. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2017.0527.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Fischer M., Eckert B., Röther J. Juvenile stroke — what is important? Nervenarzt. 2018; 89 (2): 124–135. DOI: 10.1007/s00115-016-0276-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Shah R., Wilkins E., Nichols M. et al. Epidemiology report: trends in sex-specific cerebrovascular disease mortality in Europe based on WHO mortality data. Eur. Heart J. 2019; 40 (9): 755–764. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy378.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skvortsova V.I., Shetova I.M., Kakorina E.P. et al. Reducing mortality from acute disorders of cerebral circulation as a result of the implementation of a set of measures to improve medical care for patients with vascular diseases in the Russian Federation. Profilakticheskaya meditsina. 2018; 21 (1): 4–10. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Скворцова В.И., Шетова И.М., Какорина Е.П. и др. Снижение смертности от острых нарушений мозгового кровообращения в результате реализации комплекса мероприятий по совершенствованию медицинской помощи пациентам с сосудистыми заболеваниями в Российской Федерации. Профил. мед. 2018; 21 (1): 4–10. DOI: 10.17116/profmed20182114-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klinicheskie rekomendacii po provedeniyu tromboliticheskoy terapii u patsientov s ishemicheskim insul'tom. (Clinical recommendations for thrombolytic therapy in patients with ischemic stroke.) Moscow. 2015: 1–34. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинические рекомендации по проведению тромболитической терапии у пациентов с ишемическим инсультом. М. 2015: 1–34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samorodskaya I.V., Zayrat'yants O.V., Perkhov V.I. et al. Dynamics of mortality rates from acute cerebrovascular accident in Russia and the United States for the 15-year period. Arkhiv patologii. 2018; 80 (2): 30–37. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самородская И.В., Зайратьянц О.В., Перхов В.И. и др. Динамика показателей смертности населения от острого нарушения мозгового кровообращения в России и США за 15-летний период. Арх. патол. 2018; 80 (2): 30–37. DOI: 10.17116/patol201880230-37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Smajlović D. Strokes in young adults: epidemiology and prevention. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 2015; 11: 157–164. DOI: 10.2147/VHRM.S53203.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Ekker M.S., Verhoeven J.I., Vaartjes I. et al. Association of stroke among adults aged 18 to 49 years with long-term mortality. JAMA. 2019; 321 (21): 2113–2123. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.6560.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Feigin V.L., Barker-Collo S., Parag V. et al. Auckland Stroke Outcomes Study: part 1: gender, stroke types, ethnicity, and functional outcomes 5 years poststroke. Neurology. 2010; 75: 1597–1607. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181fb44b3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Dhamoon M.S., Tai W., Boden-Albala B. et al. Risk of myocardial infarction or vascular death after first ische­mic stroke. Stroke. 2007; 38: 1752–1758. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.480988.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulesh S.D., Likhachev S.A., Filina N.A. et al. Five-year survival after stroke. Annaly klinicheskoy i eksperimental'noy nevrologii. 2012; 6 (1): 14–19. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кулеш С.Д., Лихачёв С.А., Филина Н.А. и др. Пятилетняя выживаемость после мозгового инсульта. Анн. клин. и эксперим. неврол. 2012; 6 (1): 14–19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics. 2017; 192 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zdravookhranenie v Rossii. Statisticheskiy sbornik. (Health in Russia. Statistical compendium.) Moscow: Rosstat. 2011; 326 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Здравоохранение в России. Статистический сборник. М.: Росстат. 2011; 326 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Warlow C.P., Dennis M.S., van Gijn J. et al. Stroke: a practical guide to management. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 2001: 223–300. Russ. ed.: Insul't: prakticheskoe rukovodstvo dlya vede­niya bol'nyh. Sankt-­Peterburg: Politekhnika. 1998; 629 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ворлоу Ч.П., Деннис М.С., Гейн ван Ж. и др. Инсульт: практическое руководство для ведения больных. СПб.: Политехника. 1998; 629 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Insul't: diagnostika, lechenie, profilaktika. (Stroke: diagnosis, treatment, prevention.) Ed. by Z.A. Suslina, M.A. Piradov. Moscow: MEDpress-­inform. 2009; 288 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Инсульт: диагностика, лечение, профилактика. Под. ред. З.А. Суслиной, М.А. Пирадова. М.: МЕДпресс-информ. 2009; 288 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Kappelle L.J., Adams H.P.Jr., Heffner M.L. et al. Prognosis of young adults with ischemic stroke. A long-term follow-up study assessing recurrent vascular events and functional outcome in the Iowa Registry of Stroke in Young Adults. Stroke. 1994; 25 (7): 1360–1365. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.25.7.1360.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Aarnio K., Rodríguez-Pardo J., Siegerink B. et al. Return to work after ischemic stroke in young adults. A registry-based follow-up study. Neurology. 2018; 91 (20): 1909–1917. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006510.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Varona J.F., Bermejo F., Guerra J.M., Molina J.A. Long-term prognosis of ischemic stroke in young adults. Study of 272 cases. J. Neurol. 2004; 251 (12): 1507–1514. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-004-0583-0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Spengos K., Vemmos K. Risk factors, etiology, and outcome of first-ever ischemic stroke in young adults aged 15 to 45 — the Athens young stroke registry. Eur. J. Neurol. 2010; 17 (11): 1358–1364. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03065.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Putaala J., Haapaniemi E., Gordin D. et al. Factors associated with impaired kidney function and its impact on long-term outcome in young ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2011; 42 (9): 2459–2464. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.612721.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Putaala J., Haapaniemi E., Kaste M., Tatlisumak T. How does number of risk factors affect prognosis in young patients with ischemic stroke? Stroke. 2012; 43 (2): 356–361. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.635276.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Gastrich M.D., Gandhi S.K., Pantazopoulos J. et al. Cardiovascular outcomes after preeclampsia or eclampsia complicated by myocardial infarction or stroke. Obstet. Gynecol. 2012; 120 (4): 823–831. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31826ae78a.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Maaijwee N.A., Rutten-Jacobs L.C., Schaapsmeer­ders P. et al. Ischaemic stroke in young adults: risk factors and long-term consequences. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2014; 10 (6): 315–325. DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.72.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Rutten-Jacobs L.C., Maaijwee N.A., Arntz R.M. et al. Long-term risk of recurrent vascular events after young stroke: The FUTURE study. Ann. Neurol. 2013; 74 (4): 592–601. DOI: 10.1002/ana.23953.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Rutten-Jacobs L.C., Arntz R.M., Maaijwee N.A. et al. Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of long-term excess mortality after ischemic stroke in young adults. Hypertension. 2015; 65 (3): 670–675. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04895.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>De Bruijn M.A., Synhaeve N.E., van Rijsbergen M.W. et al. Quality of life after young ischemic stroke of mild severity is mainly influenced by psychological factors. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2015; 10: 2183–2188. DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.04.040.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Aarnio K., Siegerink B., Pirinen J. et al. Cardiovascular events after ischemic stroke in young adults: A prospective follow-up study. Neurology. 2016; 86 (20): 1872–1879. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002689.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Pirinen J., Putaala J., Aarnio K. et al. Are 12-lead ECG findings associated with the risk of cardiovascular events after ischemic stroke in young adults? Ann. Med. 2016; 48 (7): 532–540. DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1202443.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Mustanoja S., Putaala J., Koivunen R.J. et al. Blood pressure levels in the acute phase after intracerebral hemorrhage are associated with mortality in young adults. Eur. J. Neurol. 2018; 25 (8): 1034–1040. DOI: 10.1111/ene.13662.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Edwards J.D., Kapral M.K., Lindsay M.P. et al. Young stroke survivors with no early recurrence at high long-term risk of adverse outcomes. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2019; 8 (1): e010370. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.118.010370.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Kaplan R.C., Tirschwell D.L., Longstreth W.T.Jr. et al. Blood pressure level and outcomes in adults aged 65 and older with prior ischemic stroke. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2006; 54 (9): 1309–1316. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00838.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fonyakin A.V., Geraskina L.A., Shandlin V.A. et al. Сardiovascular complications in post-stroke period and heart rate variability. Kreativnaya kardiologiya. 2011; (1): 91–101. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фонякин А.В., Гераскина Л.А., Шандалин В.А. и др. Сердечно-сосудистые осложнения в постинсультном периоде и вариабельность сердечного ритма. Креативн. кардиол. 2011; (1): 91–101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Ntaios G., Papavasileiou V., Makaritsis K. et al. Association of ischaemic stroke subtype with longterm cardiovascular events. Eur. J. Neurol. 2014; 21: 1108–1114. DOI: 10.1111/ene.12438.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Goeh Akue E., Afassinou Y.M., Ido B.J. et al. Vascular age and cardiovascular risk in patients suffering from stroke. Ann. Cardiol. Angeiol. (Paris). 2015; 64 (3): 128–131. DOI: 10.1016/j.ancard.2015.04.008.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martsevich S.Yu., Kutishenko N.P., Suvorov A.V. et al. The main factors affecting the long-term outcomes in patients after acute cerebrovascular disorder: results of the LIS-2 study. Ratsional'naya farmakoterapiya v kardiologii. 2016; 12 (1): 51–55. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Марцевич С.Ю., Кутишенко Н.П., Суворов А.В. и др. Основные факторы, влияющие на отдалённые исходы заболевания у больных, перенёсших острое нарушение мозгового кровообращения: результаты исследования ЛИС-2. Рационал. фармакотерап. в кардиол. 2016; 12 (1): 51–55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Amarenco P., Lavallée P.C., Monteiro Tavares L. et al. Five-year risk of stroke after TIA or minor ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med. 2018; 378 (23): 2182–2190. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1802712.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Pana T.A., Wood A.D., Mamas M.A. et al. Myocardial infarction after acute ischaemic stroke: Incidence, mortality and risk factors. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 2019; 140 (3): 219–228. DOI: 10.1111/ane.13135.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Rus Mansilla C., Mesa Rubio D., Suárez de Lezo Cruz Conde J. et al. Utility of transesophageal echocar­diography in young patients with cryptogenic stroke and low cardiovascular risk. Med. Clin. (Barc.). 2008; 130 (7): 241–245. DOI: 10.1157/13116547.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Gürdal A., Keskin K., Orken D.N. et al. Evaluation of epicardial fat thickness in young patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source. Neurologist. 2018; 23 (4): 113–117. DOI: 10.1097/NRL.0000000000000182.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Martinez-Majander N., Aarnio K., Pirinen J. et al. Embolic strokes of undetermined source in young adults: baseline characteristics and long-term outcome. Eur. J. Neurol. 2018; 25 (3): 535–541. DOI: 10.1111/ene.13540.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Kaikita K. Epicardial adipose tissue as a predictor for the development of non-calcified coronary plaque. J. Atheroscler. Thromb. 2017; 24 (3): 254–255. DOI: 10.5551/jat.ED062.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uchasova E.G., Gruzdeva O.V., Dyleva J.A. et al. Epicardial adi­pose tissue: pathophysiology and role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Bjulleten' sibirskoy meditsiny. 2018; 17 (4): 254–263. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Учасова Е.Г., Груздева О.В., Дылева Ю.А и др. Эпикардиальная жировая ткань: патофизиология и роль в развитии сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Бюлл. сибирской мед. 2018; 17 (4): 254–263. DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2018-4-254–263.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Trial of secondary prevention with atenolol after transient ischemic attack or no disabling ischemic stroke. The Dutch TIA Study Group. Stroke. 1993; 24: 543–548. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.24.4.543.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Schrader J.S., Luders S., Kulschewski A. et al. Morbidity and mortality after stroke, eprosartan compared with nitrendipine for secondary prevention principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke. 2005; 36: 1218–1226. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000166048.35740.a9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Amarenco P., Bogousslavsky J., Callahan A. et al. For the SPARCL investigators. Highdose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006; 355: 549–559.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Bousser M.G., Amarenco P., Chamorro A. et al. The Prevention of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular Events of ischemic origin with teRutroban in patients with a history oF ischemic strOke or tRansient ischeMic attack (PERFORM) study: baseline characteristics of the popu­lation. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2009; 27 (6): 608–613. DOI: 10.1159/000216835.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Hong K.S., Kim B.J., Lee J.Y. et al. Rationale and design of the PreventIon of Cardiovascular events in iSche­mic Stroke patients with high risk of cerebral hemOrrhage (PICASSO) study: A randomized controlled trial. Int. J. Stroke. 2015; 10 (7): 1153–1158. DOI: 10.1111/ijs.12519.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Van Dongen M.M.E., Aarnio K., Martinez-­Majander N. et al. Use of antihypertensive medication after ischemic stroke in young adults and its association with long-term outcome. Ann. Med. 2019; 51 (1): 68–77. DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2018.1564358.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
