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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">19255</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ2020-530</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Current diagnosis and treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные возможности диагностики и лечения мышечной дистрофии Дюшенна</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaynetdinova</surname><given-names>D D</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайнетдинова</surname><given-names>Дина Дамировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anetdina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novoselova</surname><given-names>A A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новоселова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anetdina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Кazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-08-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>101</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>530</fpage><lpage>537</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-30"><day>30</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-05-26"><day>26</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Gaynetdinova D.D., Novoselova A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Гайнетдинова Д.Д., Новоселова А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gaynetdinova D.D., Novoselova A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гайнетдинова Д.Д., Новоселова А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2021-01-01"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/19255">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/19255</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked progressive disease from the group of primary myopathies caused by mutations in the DMD gene and a lack of dystrophin protein in the muscle fiber in males. The review considered the prevalence of pathology, the most common causes of dystrophinopathy, and the role of dystrophin not only in the functioning of muscles but also in the architectural organization of the Central nervous system. The disease classification based on stages and forms, initial clinical manifestations of the early and late stages of the disease, as well as neuropsychological, orthopedic, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders, are described in detail. The relevant to date diagnostic algorithm for suspected DMD, biochemical blood analysis, genetic, morphological (immunocytochemical staining of muscles with dystrophin antibodies) and instrumental (ultrasound, MRI) methods of examination are presented in detail. Particular attention in the diagnosis of DMD and objectification of disorders is given to assessment tests [Bailey’s and Griffiths scales, Albert's Test of Infant Posture and Motor Assessment Scale, Expanded Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale (HFMSE), the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), and the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)]. The review presents the advantages and disadvantages of modern invasive and non-invasive diagnostic techniques of the disease, indicating their reliability and the possibility of application at early stages, including prenatal. In conclusion, the treatment of DMD and its most frequent complications, both widely used in practice and at the stage of clinical research, is highlighted. It was emphasized the importance of rehabilitation measures that improve the duration and quality of life of patients with DMD. The main task of analyzing available sources on the most pressing issues of Duchenne muscular dystrophy was to stimulate research and social activity in resolving unsolved problems today.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Мышечная дистрофия Дюшенна — Х-сцепленное прогрессирующее заболевание из группы первичных мио­патий, обусловленное мутациями гена DMD и дефицитом белка дистрофина в мышечном волокне у людей мужского пола. В обзоре рассмотрены распространённость патологии среди населения, причины дистрофинопатии и роль дистрофина не только в функционировании мышц, но и в архитектурной организации центральной нервной системы. Подробно изложена классификация заболевания с учётом стадий и форм, описаны клинические проявления ранних и поздних этапов развития заболевания, а также психоневрологические, ортопедические, респираторные и кардиоваскулярные нарушения. Подробно представлен разработанный к сегодняшнему дню диагностический алгоритм при подозрении на мышечную дистрофию Дю­шенна, биохимический анализ крови, генетические, морфологические (иммуноцитохимическое окрашивание мышц с помощью антител к дистрофину) и инструментальные (ультразвуковое исследование, магнитно-резонансная томография) методы исследования. Особое внимание в диагностике мышечной дистрофии Дюшенна и объективизации нарушений отведено оценочным тестам (шкалы Бэйли и Гриффитс, шкала моторного развития новорождённых Альберта, расширенная шкала моторной функции Хаммерсмита, тест оценки больших моторных функций, тест 6-минутной ходьбы). В обзоре проанализированы достоинства и недостатки современных инвазивных и неинвазивных методов диагностики заболевания с указанием их достоверности и возможности применения на ранних этапах, в том числе и пренатально. В заключение освещено лечение мышечной дистрофии Дюшенна и её наиболее частых осложнений, как широко используемое на практике в настоящее время, так и находящееся на стадии клинических исследований. Подчёркнута значимость реабилитационных мероприятий, увеличивающих продолжительность и повышающих качество жизни пациентов с мышечной дистрофией Дюшенна. Основной задачей анализа доступных источников, посвящённых наиболее актуальным вопросам мышечной дистрофии Дюшенна, послужило стимулирование исследовательской и общественной активности в решении нерешённых проблем на сегодняшний день.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>genetic disorders</kwd><kwd>Duchenne muscular dystrophy</kwd><kwd>myopathy</kwd><kwd>neuromuscular disorders</kwd><kwd>corticosteroids</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>наследственные заболевания</kwd><kwd>миодистрофия Дюшенна</kwd><kwd>миопатии</kwd><kwd>нервно-мышечные заболевания</kwd><kwd>глюкокортикоиды</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Metcalf W.K. Reliability of quantitative muscle tes­ting in healthy children and in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy using a hand-held dynamometer. Phys. Ther. 1988; 68: 977–982. 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