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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18511</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ2019-930</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Features of managing patients with gastrointestinal bleeding in resuscitation and intensive care units</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности ведения пациентов с желудочно-кишечными кровотечениями в отделениях реанимации и интенсивной терапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3098-0228</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bayalieva</surname><given-names>A Zh</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баялиева</surname><given-names>Айнагуль Жолдошевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>bayalieva1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zefirov</surname><given-names>R A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зефиров</surname><given-names>Руслан Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>bayalieva1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3772-9199</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yankovich</surname><given-names>Yu N</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Янкович</surname><given-names>Юлия Наилевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>bayalieva1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republic Clinical Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканская клиническая больница</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Clinical Hospital №7</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская клиническая больница №7</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>100</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>930</fpage><lpage>934</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-12-03"><day>03</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-12-03"><day>03</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Authors</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Авторы</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Authors</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Авторы</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/18511">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/18511</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Emergency hospital doctors very often encounter cases of gastrointestinal bleeding. Known causes of such bleeding are peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum and esophageal varices in portal hypertension. But there are cases of gastrointestinal bleeding, when the diagnosis is not easy to establish, treatment is carried out symptomatically and fatal dangers for the patient are often underestimated. Bleeding is often massive and difficult to assess in terms of volume as blood is in the gastrointestinal tract and only changes in hemodynamics and blood tests can serve as indirect indicators of blood loss. Carrying out intensive care and resuscitation measures simultaneously with endoscopic and surgical methods to stop bleeding determine a high risk and dramatic situation. On the background of hypocoagulation syndromes associated with the use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, the course of these syndromes is significantly complicated. A major contribution to the adverse outcome of the disease is brought by severe concomitant diseases and old age. Intensive care for this category of patients requires an individual approach, taking into account the underlying disease and the cause of bleeding, as well as comorbidities. Endoscopic methods of vascular coagulation are the main ways for diagnosing and stopping bleeding, but in extreme cases urgent surgical intervention is necessary. Patients require treatment in multidisciplinary clinics, where there is an expanded diagnostic service, endoscopic service, departments of abdominal and thoracic surgery, transfusion and resuscitation departments and intensive care with extended options for replacement therapy of vital organs. The article provides a review of the causes, diagnosis and methods of intensive treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding from esophagus and stomach in Mallory–Weiss and Boerhaave syndromes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Врачи больниц скорой помощи очень часто сталкиваются со случаями желудочно-кишечных кровотечений. Известные причины таких кровотечений — язвенные болезни желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки и варикозное расширение вен пищевода при портальной гипертензии. Однако встречаются случаи желудочно-кишечных кровотечений, когда диагноз установить непросто, лечение ведут симптоматически и очень часто недооценивают фатальные опасности для пациента. Кровотечения часто носят массивный характер и трудно оцениваются по объёмам, так как кровь находится в желудочно-кишечном тракте, и только изменения гемодинамики и анализов крови могут служить косвенными показателями кровопотери. Проведение интенсивной терапии и реанимационных мероприятий одновременно с эндоскопическими и хирургическими методами остановки кровотечения обусловливает высокий риск и драматизм ситуации. На фоне гипокоагуляционных синдромов, связанных с приёмом антикоагулянтов и антиагрегантов, течение данных синдромов существенно осложняется. Большой вклад в неблагоприятный исход заболевания вносят тяжёлые сопутствующие заболевания и пожилой возраст пациентов. Интенсивная терапия данной категории пациентов требует индивидуального подхода с учётом как основного заболевания и причины крово­течения, так и сопутствующей патологии. Основным методом диагностики и остановки кровотечений служат эндоскопические способы коагуляции сосудов, но в крайних случаях необходимо срочное оперативное вмешательство. Пациенты нуждаются в лечении в условиях многопрофильных клиник, где есть расширенная диагностическая служба, эндоскопическая служба, отделения абдоминальной и торакальной хирургии, служба крови и отделения реанимации и интенсивной терапии с расширенными опциями заместительной терапии жизненно важных органов. Статья содержит обзор причин, диагностику и методы интенсивной терапии желудочно-кишечных кровотечений из верхних отделов — пищевода и желудка — при синдромах Мэллори–Вейсса и Бурхаве.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gastrointestinal bleeding</kwd><kwd>Mallory–Weiss syndrome</kwd><kwd>Boerhaave syndrome</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>желудочно-кишечные кровотечения</kwd><kwd>синдром Мэллори–Вейсса</kwd><kwd>синдром Бурхаве</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Cuccì M., Caputo F., Orcioni G.F. et al. Transition of a Mallory–Weiss syndrome to a Boerhaave syndrome confirmed by anamnestic, necroscopic, and autopsy data. Medi­cine (Baltimore). 2018; 97 (49): e13191. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000013191.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Okada M., Ishimura N., Shimura S. et al. 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