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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18509</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ2019-918</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The current state of the problem of autism spectrum disorders — some biomedical and socio-humanitarian aspects</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современное состояние проблемы расстройств аутистического спектра — некоторые медико-биологические и социально-гуманитарные аспекты</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4385-3650</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semina</surname><given-names>I I</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сёмина</surname><given-names>Ирина Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>seminai@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukharyamova</surname><given-names>L M</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухарямова</surname><given-names>Ляйсан Музиповна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>seminai@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sabirov</surname><given-names>I S</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сабиров</surname><given-names>Ильнур Самигуллович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>seminai@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valeeva</surname><given-names>E V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валеева</surname><given-names>Елена Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>seminai@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Safiullina</surname><given-names>L R</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафиуллина</surname><given-names>Лилия Рафисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>seminai@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3132-2628</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitin</surname><given-names>D O</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>seminai@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>100</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>918</fpage><lpage>929</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-12-03"><day>03</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-12-03"><day>03</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Authors</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Авторы</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Authors</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Авторы</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/18509">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/18509</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review deals with modern factors of the etiology and pathogenesis of autism, which is part of the autism spectrum disorder complex, approaches to the diagnosis and rehabilitation of patients, as well as social and humanitarian aspects of understanding this pathology as a phenomenon. Despite the fact that so far there is no single etiological concept of the development of autism, a sufficient amount of information has been accumulated that allows talking about genetic theory as one of the main causes of its occurrence. The functions of the main genes in which mutations can lead to the development of autism are examined in more detail, and its genomic architecture is established to be heterogeneous, that is, it is determined by polymorphism in several genes at once, and the disorder is aggravated when polymorphisms are combined with external risk factors. Some current aspects of the diagnosis of autism are outlined, including the main criteria — a persistent lack of social communication and social interactions, limited, repetitive forms of behavior, speech impairment. The main diagnostic questionnaires and rating scales used for the more accurate diagnosis and verification of autism spectrum disorders are presented. When considering the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with autism and other disorders of the autism spectrum, it was concluded that integrated approach including various methods of psychological, pedagogical and medical correction, as well as social adaptation and integration is the most effective. Studies in the social sciences are presented that examine autism spectrum disorders within the framework of social constructivism, the role of the social context in identifying and treating autism is shown, as well as the impact of medical discourse on stigmatization and discrimination of the autistic community. The approaches to the conceptualization of autism in the framework of the theory and movement of neurodiversification, representing autism as a form of biological diversity that requires a positive identity of autistic people and the recognition of their differences by society, are highlighted.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В обзоре рассмотрены современные факторы этиологии и патогенеза аутизма, входящего в комплекс расстройств аутистического спектра, подходы к диагностике и реабилитации пациентов, а также социально-гуманитарные аспекты в понимании этой патологии как явления. Несмотря на то обстоятельство, что до настоящего времени нет единой этиологической концепции развития аутизма, накоплено достаточное количество сведений, позволяющих говорить о генетической теории как одной из основных причин его возникновения. Более подробно рассмотрены функции основных генов, мутации в которых могут приводить к развитию аутизма, причём установлено, что его геномная архитектура носит гетерогенный характер, то есть определяется полиморфизмом в нескольких генах сразу, и расстройство усугубляется при одновременном сочетании полиморфизмов с внешними факторами риска. Изложены некоторые актуальные на сегодняшний день аспекты диагностики аутизма, включающие основные критерии — стойкий дефицит социальной коммуникации и социальных взаимодействий, ограниченные, повторяющиеся формы поведения, нарушение речи. Представлены основные диагностические опросники и оценочные шкалы, используемые с целью более точной диагностики и верификации расстройств аутистического спектра. При рассмотрении вопросов лечения и реабилитации пациентов с аутизмом и другими расстройствами аутистического спектра сделан вывод, что наиболее эффективен комплексный подход, включающий различные методы как психологической, педагогической и медикаментозной коррекции, так и социальной адаптации и интеграции. Представлены исследования, проводимые в рамках социальных наук, в которых рассмотрены расстройства аутистического спектра в рамках социального конструктивизма, показана роль социального контекста в идентификации и лечении аутизма, а также влияние медицинского дискурса на стигматизацию и дискриминацию аутистического сообщества. Освещены подходы к концептуализации аутизма в рамках теории и движения нейродиверсификации, представляющей аутизм как форму биологического разнообразия, требующего позитивной идентичности аутичных людей и признания их отличий обществом.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>autism spectrum disorders</kwd><kwd>genetics</kwd><kwd>epigenetics</kwd><kwd>gene polymorphism</kwd><kwd>diagnostic criteria</kwd><kwd>rehabilitation</kwd><kwd>integrated approach</kwd><kwd>medicalization</kwd><kwd>neurodiversification</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>расстройства аутистического спектра</kwd><kwd>генетика</kwd><kwd>эпигенетика</kwd><kwd>полиморфизм генов</kwd><kwd>диагностические критерии</kwd><kwd>реабилитация</kwd><kwd>комплексный подход</kwd><kwd>медикализация</kwd><kwd>нейродиверсификация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследования поддержаны грантами РФФИ №18-00-01658 и 18-00-01529, входящими в комплексный проект №18-00-01682 (КОМФИ).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tiganov A.S., Bashina V.M. 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