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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">120105</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ120105</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Options for the development of colorectal cancer immunotherapy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Пути развития иммунотерапии колоректального рака</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4091-382X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56603137500</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">S-2194-2018</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4810-2534</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mustafin</surname><given-names>Rustam N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мустафин</surname><given-names>Рустам Наилевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Assoc. Prof., Depart. of Medical Genetics and Fundamental Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доц., каф. медицинской генетики и фундаментальной медицины</p></bio><email>ruji79@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-07-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>104</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>564</fpage><lpage>572</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-12-30"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-07-24"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/120105">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/120105</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In colorectal cancer immunotherapy, the use of antibodies against the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoints showed low efficacy and the development of a number of side effects with damage to the liver, lung, and thyroid gland. For this reason, to stimulate the antitumor immune response, it is necessary to search for other targets, which can be used as retroelements. Epigenetic activation of their expression with inhibitors of histone methyltransferases and deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) leads to the formation of double-stranded ribonucleic acids (RNA) that stimulate the antiviral response of interferon, which causes apoptosis of tumor cells. This method of viral mimicry shows an objective response in colorectal cancer and other malignant neoplasms. However, activation of retrotransposons is an inducer of carcinogenesis and a necessary condition for clonal evolution and the development of chemoresistance. Therefore, the most rational combination of the method of viral mimicry is with selective inhibition of retroelements involved in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. For this purpose, specific miRNAs, that recruit DNA methyltransferases to the loci of the location of retroelements due to the complementarity of nucleotide sequences, which is due to their evolutionary relationship, can be used. An analysis of the scientific literature revealed 28 miRNAs derived from transposons and associated with colorectal cancer, some of which exhibit oncosuppressive activity, while others exhibit oncogenic activity. These miRNAs can be used as guides for epigenetic effects on retroelements involved in colorectal cancer carcinogenesis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В иммунотерапии колоректального рака использование антител против контрольных точек PD-1/PD-L1 показало низкую эффективность и развитие ряда побочных эффектов с поражением печени, лёгкого и щитовидной железы. По этой причине для стимуляции противоопухолевого иммунного ответа необходим поиск других мишеней, в качестве которых могут быть использованы ретроэлементы. Эпигенетическая активация их экспрессии с помощью ингибиторов метилтрансфераз гистонов и дезоксирибонуклеиновых кислот (ДНК) приводит к образованию двухцепочечных рибонуклеиновых кислот (РНК), стимулирующих противовирусный ответ интерферона, который вызывает апоптоз клеток опухоли. В данном методе вирусной мимикрии показан объективный ответ при колоректальном раке и других злокачественных новообразованиях. Однако активация ретротранспозонов — индуктор канцерогенеза и необходимое условие для клональной эволюции и развития химиорезистентности. В свете этого наиболее рациональна комбинация метода вирусной мимикрии с селективным ингибированием участвующих в патогенезе колоректального рака ретроэлементов. Для этого можно использовать специфические микроРНК, рекрутирующие ДНК-метилтрансферазы в локусы расположения ретроэлементов за счёт комплементарности нуклеотидных последовательностей, что обусловлено их эволюционным родством. Анализ научной литературы позволил выявить 28 микроРНК, произошедших от транспозонов и ассоциированных с колоректальным раком, из которых некоторые проявляют онкосупрессивную активность, другие — онкогенную. Данные микроРНК можно использовать в качестве гидов для эпигенетического воздействия на ретроэлементы, вовлечённые в канцерогенез колоректального рака.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>colorectal cancer</kwd><kwd>microRNA</kwd><kwd>retroelements.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>колоректальный рак</kwd><kwd>микроРНК</kwd><kwd>ретроэлементы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zlokachestvennye novoobrazovaniya v Rossii v 2020 godu. (Malignant neoplasms in Russia in 2020.) AD Kaprin, VV Starinskiy, AO Shakhzadov, editors. 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