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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Kazan medical journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Kazan medical journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Казанский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0368-4814</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9359</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">11540</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/KMJ2019-288</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Late-onset hypogammaglobulinemia after rituximab therapy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Отсроченная гипогаммаглобулинемия при терапии ритуксимабом</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moskalets</surname><given-names>O V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Москалец</surname><given-names>Оксана Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>6816000@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-03-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>100</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 100, NO2 (2019)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 100, №2 (2019)</issue-title><fpage>288</fpage><lpage>294</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-03-29"><day>29</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Moskalets O.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Москалец О.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Moskalets O.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Москалец О.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/11540">https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/11540</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Development and implementation into practice of biologic agents has dramatically changed the approaches to the treatment of many severe diseases. But in the light of experience of their use more and more attention is paid not only to their efficacy but also to side effects. One of such medications is rituximab - a monoclonal chimeric antibody to CD20 antigen, which is expressed on the membrane of pre-B-lymphocytes and mature B-lymphocytes. In the literature more frequently are published the data about late-onset side effects of this medication, particularly hypogammaglobulinemia. The review presents the data on its prevalence after treatment of different diseases with rituximab, its severity, risk of infection. The possible mechanisms of the development of this phenomenon are discussed. Long-term hypogammaglobulinemia was shown to significantly delay the restoration of peripheral compartment of B cells, with over 90% of B cell population presented by naive B cells and significantly decreased concentration of B cells. Literature analysis demonstrates that the risk of hypogammaglobulinemia increases in multiple rituximab courses, preceding immunosuppression, decreased baseline immunoglobulin level. The need for detection of serum level of immunoglobulins before therapy with rituximab is pointed out by many authors, as the main disease can mask primary immunodeficiency, primarily common variable immunodeficiency, which requires life-term replacement therapy with intravenous immunoglobulins. The issue of administration of this therapy in secondary antibodies deficiency is not solved but severe hypogammaglobulinemia or severe infectious and inflammatory processes definitely require it. So to effectively detect hypogammaglobulinemia it is appropriate to perform monitoring of the level of immunoglobulins not only before but also during the treatment with rituximab as well as in several years after its completion.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Разработка и внедрение в практическую медицину генно-инженерных биопрепаратов кардинально изменили подходы к лечению многих тяжёлых заболеваний. Однако по мере накопления опыта их применения всё больше внимания уделяют не только их эффективности, но и нежелательным побочным явлениям. Одним из таких препаратов служит ритуксимаб - моноклональное химерное антитело к антигену CD20, который экспрессируется на мембране пре-В-лимфоцитов и зрелых В-лимфоцитов. В литературе всё чаще появляются сообщения об отсроченных побочных эффектах данного препарата, в частности гипогаммаглобулинемии. В обзоре приведены данные о частоте её развития после терапии ритуксимабом при различных заболеваниях, степени её тяжести, риске инфекционных осложнений. Рассмотрены возможные механизмы этого феномена. Показано, что в случае длительной гипогаммаглобулинемии значительно задерживается восстановление периферического компартмента В-лимфоцитов, и более 90% популяции В-клеток представлено «наивными» В-лимфоцитами, а содержание В-клеток памяти резко снижено. Анализ данных литературы показывает, что риск развития гипогаммаглобулинемии увеличивается при неоднократных курсах ритуксимаба, предшествующей иммуносупрессивной терапии, исходно сниженном содержании иммуноглобулинов. На необходимость определения уровня сывороточных иммуноглобулинов до начала терапии ритуксимабом указывают многие авторы, так как под маской основного заболевания могут скрываться первичные иммунодефициты, прежде всего, общая вариабельная иммунная недостаточность, при которой необходима пожизненная заместительная терапия внутривенными иммуноглобулинами. Вопрос о назначении такой терапии при вторичном дефиците антител до конца не решён, но при тяжёлой гипогаммаглобулинемии или серьёзных инфекционно-воспалительных процессах она однозначно нужна. Таким образом, для более эффективного выявления гипогаммаглобулинемии целесообразно проводить мониторинг уровня иммуноглобулинов не только до, но и на протяжении всего периода терапии ритуксимабом, а также в течение нескольких лет после её завершения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rituximab</kwd><kwd>hypogammaglobulinemia</kwd><kwd>immunodeficiency</kwd><kwd>infection</kwd><kwd>immunoglobulin replacement therapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ритуксимаб</kwd><kwd>гипогаммаглобулинемия</kwd><kwd>иммунодефицит</kwd><kwd>инфекция</kwd><kwd>заместительная терапия иммуноглобулинами</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleksandrova E.N., Novikov A.A., Nasonov E.L. Laboratory support for the registry of patients receiving rituximab (mabtera). Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologiya. 2008; S1: 21–28. 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