Kazan medical journalKazan medical journalКазанский медицинский журнал0368-48142587-9359Eco-Vector10005910.17816/KMJ2022-100ReviewsОбзорыReview ArticleModern vision of pathogene­sis, clinical and immunological features and new methods of atopic dermatitis treatmentСовременные представления о патогенезе, клинико-иммунологических особенностях и новых методах лечения атопического дерматитаhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6819-3185MakeevOleg GМакеевОлег Германович
Russian Federation

MD, D.Sci. (Med.), Prof., Head, Depart. of Medical Biology and Genetics

докт. мед. наук, проф., зав. каф., каф. медицинской биологии и генетики

larim@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5989-1333AntonovaSvetlana BАнтоноваСветлана Борисовна
Russian Federation

MD, Cand.Sci. (Med.), Assoc. Prof., Depart. of Dermatovenerology and Life Safety

канд. мед. наук, доц., каф. дерматовенерологии и безопасности жизнедеятельности

ant-sveta13@rambler.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4335-9334UfimtsevaMarina AУфимцеваМарина Анатольевна
Russian Federation

MD, D.Sci. (Med.), Prof., Head, Depart. of Dermatovenerology and Life Safety

докт. мед. наук, проф., зав. каф., каф. дерматовенерологии и безопасности жизнедеятельности

mail-m@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3295-6686EfimovaMaria SЕфимоваМария Сергеевна
Russian Federation

MD, Assistant, Depart. Dermatovenerology and Life Safety

асс., каф. дерматовенерологии и безопасности жизнедеятельности

msergeevna24@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8620-4044MylnikovaEkaterina SМыльниковаЕкатерина Сергеевна
Russian Federation

MD, Assistant, Depart. Dermatovenerology and Life Safety

асс., каф. дерматовенерологии и безопасности жизнедеятельности

e.s.mylnikova@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5114-6104KorotkovArtem VКоротковАртём Владимирович
Russian Federation

PhD, Associate Professor, Associate Professor at the Department of Medical Biology and Genetics

канд. мед. наук, доц., каф. медицинской биологии и генетики

akorotkov64@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1981-4330ShumanEvgenij AШуманЕвгений Александрович
Russian Federation

Senior Lecturer, Depart. Medical Biology and Genetics

ст. препод., каф. медицинской биологии и генетики

larim@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7501-224XSichkarDar'ya AСичкарДарья Александровна
Russian Federation

Assistant, Depart. Medical Biology and Genetics

асс., каф. медицинской биологии и генетики

sichkar2017@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0640-5319DesyatovaMariya AДесятоваМария Анатольевна
Russian Federation

Assistant, Depart. Medical Biology and Genetics

асс., каф. медицинской биологии и генетики

mardesyatova@yandex.ruUrals State Medical UniversityУральский государственный медицинский университетInstitute of Medical Cell TechnologiesИнститут медицинских клеточных технологийSverdlovsk regional skin and venereal clinicСвердловский областной кожно-венерологический диспансер0702202210311001090202202202022022Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2022, Эко-Вектор2022Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/100059

The article provides a literature review of one of the modern medical social problems in the world — atopic dermatitis. Epidemiological data, current view on the pathogenesis of this disease, the role of genetic factors and epigenetic mechanisms in the development of dermatosis and modern treatment approaches are highlighted. Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease which common for children and adolescents, as well as for adults. Epidemiological studies conducted in different countries reveal the high prevalence and increased incidence of atopic dermatitis over the past three decades. Atopic dermatitis significantly affects the quality of patients’ and their relatives’ lives and also results in considerable social and economic burdens. Atopic dermatitis is a heterogeneous disease which pathogenesis is associated with mutations in genes encoding epidermal structural proteins, as well as genes that regulate innate and adaptive immune responses to environmental factors. In addition, the review reflects studies on the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation underlying the development of atopic dermatitis: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone modification, and micro ribonucleic acid (microRNA)-mediated mechanisms of gene expression regulation. Epigenetic modifications in parents are realized in offspring in several generations, causing a wide range of clinical differences in the course of the disease in different age and gender groups. Currently available treatments for atopic dermatitis achieve remission but not a cure. The study of the disease pathogenesis, combined with the continuation of research on finding effective drugs, determines the prospects for developing prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis.

В статье представлен обзор литературных источников, посвящённых одной из современных медико-социальных проблем в мире, — атопическому дерматиту. Освещены эпидемиологические данные, современные взгляды на патогенез данного заболевания, роль генетических факторов и эпигенетических механизмов в развитии дерматоза, а также современные методы терапии. Атопический дерматит — хроническое воспалительное заболевание кожи, часто встречающееся как в детском и подростковом возрасте, так и у взрослых. Эпидемиологические исследования, проведённые в разных странах, демонстрируют высокую распространённость атопического дерматита и рост заболеваемости в течение последних десятилетий. Атопический дерматит значительно влияет на качество жизни пациентов и их родственников, а также влечёт социально-экономические потери. Это гетерогенное заболевание, патогенез которого связан с мутациями генов, кодирующих структурные белки эпидермиса, а также генов, регулирующих врождённые и адаптивные иммунные ответы на действие факторов окружающей среды. Кроме того, в обзоре отражены исследования по механизмам эпигенетической регуляции, лежащим в основе развития атопического дерматита: метилирование дезоксирибонуклеиновой кислоты, модификация гистонов, а также механизмы регуляции экспрессии генов, опосредованные микрорибонуклеиновой кислотой. Эпигенетические механизмы, формирующиеся у родителей, реализуются у потомства в нескольких поколениях, обусловливают широкий спектр клинических отличий течения болезни в различных половозрастных группах. Доступные в настоящее время методы лечения атопического дерматита позволяют достичь ремиссии, но не добиться полного излечения. Изучение патогенетических механизмов заболевания в сочетании с продолжением исследований, направленных на поиск эффективных лекарственных средств, определяют перспективы разработки средств профилактики и терапии атопического дерматита.

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