Agrohimiâ

The results of studies on the balance of nutrients in agriculture are presented, which focus on the fact that, along with traditional organic fertilizers, other possible sources of organic matter, such as grain straw, were used. According to the regulations, the average nutrient removal of grain crops by straw in Russia is: nitrogen – 6.7, phosphorus – 2.1 and potassium – 12.8 kg/ton. Knowing the grain yield, it is possible to determine the amount of these nutrients, which will be returned to the soil with this source. Using these data, it is possible to determine its role in changing the nutrient balance in the soils of Russia in comparison with previously accepted methods of its determination. Calculations performed to determine the balance of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in agriculture in Russia, the Non-Chernozem zone as a whole and in its various regions where crops are cultivated have shown that in the Russian Federation, with a 50% use of straw for fertilizer, it will be compensated for nitrogen by 44, phosphorus by 51, and potassium – by 35%, which is 7, 14, 18%, respectively, more than the option without adding straw. For the Non-Chernozem zone, these figures were 9, 12, and 21%, respectively.

In a stationary experiment, the fertility of gray forest soil was assessed depending on the type of crop rotation and the use of mineral fertilizers. The object of the study is gray forest soil. The scheme of the experience is two-factor (2 × 2). Factor A – 4-full grain-steam crop rotations 1 and 2, characterized by different saturation of grain crops and the type of steam. Factor B – mineral fertilizers, options: 1 – without fertilizers (Y0), 2 – N30P45K45 (Y1). The observation period was 20 years (2003–2022). It was revealed that the replacement of pure steam with occupied steam, the introduction of leguminous crops (peas) stabilized the humus content in the soil due to a greater intake of mortmass, with high e.e. nitrogen enrichment (C : N = 9.9). The systematic use of phosphorus-containing fertilizers in crop rotations at a dose of P45 ensured a positive balance of this element in the soil. It was found that in the conditions of the subtaiga zone, due to the scientifically based selection of crops in crop rotation, their productivity increased by 0.21 t/ha and by 0.30 t/ha with the use of fertilizers (N30P45K45).

The potential use of bottom sediments of the Don River in agriculture was assessed by analyzing the phytotoxicity of winter wheat for the test object, the activity of enzymes (invertase and dehydrogenase), and the chemical composition of bottom sediments. In the conducted model experiment, river bottom sediments (RBS) (50–1000 t/ha) were introduced into 2 soils of different genesis. It was found that the content of heavy metals in the RBS did not exceed the soil maximum permissible concentration. The highest enzymatic activity in the seropesks was observed in samples with an application of 50 t RBS/ha compared with the control soil. The optimal dose for chernozem was 100 t RBS/ha. No significant differences were found in the activity of dehydrogenases in chernozem and sulfur sands between samples with a lower (50 t/ha) and a higher (600 t/ha) RBS content. Suppression of activity relative to the control was found in seropesques with only the highest proportion of RBS (50%). The enzymatic activity of invertase decreased with an increase in RBS in seropesques. Bottom sediments stimulated soil respiration. The highest growth rates of winter wheat were found in chernozem and gray soils with the addition of a dose of 50 t RBS/ha. The results of the correlation analysis confirmed the relationship between the content of organic carbon and the activity of enzymes in sulfur mixtures.

Prolonged fertilization without embedding crop rotation byproducts in the soil did not contribute to the creation of a positive NPK balance in most experimental variants (except for K₂O in variants N90P90K90 + + manure 25 t/ha, N135P135K135 + manure 25 t/ha and N120P120K120 + manure 50 t/ha and P₂O₅ in variant N190P190K190). Sealing of straw and sugar beet tops created a positive NPK balance in almost all experimental variants, since the soil received 17.5–26.8% more nitrogen, 18.1–44.9% more P₂O₅ and 18.2–41.7% more K₂O than without sealing. An increase in fertilization increased the intensity of the balance (during the incorporation of by-products) due to an increase in the share of by-products in the crop, the intensity of the K₂O balance increased most of all. Against the background of by-product sealing, the highest intensity of the NPK balance was noted in the N120P120K120 + manure 50 t/ha variant.

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In a study conducted in 2012–2023, the influence of biologization techniques and basic tillage on the fertility of leached chernozem and the yield of sugar beet root crops in a fallow crop rotation was studied. The potential fertility of leached chernozem ensured the yield of sugar beet root crops against the background of plowing 391 kg/ha, free-fall loosening by 25–27 cm – 392 kg/ha, surface treatment by 12–14 cm – 354 kg/ha. Replacing the employed steam with the sideral one in the specialized beet crop rotation provided an increase in the yield of sugar beet root crops on average against the background of plowing by 28 c/ha, free–fall loosening by 25–27 cm – by 12 c/ha, surface treatment by 12–14 cm – by 21 c/ha. Biologization techniques against the background of applying various doses of mineral fertilizers against the background of dump plowing increased the yield of sugar beet root crops by 10–33% by 25–27 cm, free loosening by 25–27 cm – by 8–19%, surface treatment by 12–14 cm – by 6–22%.

The influence of tillage, sugar beet hybrids and fertilizers on the nutrient regime of leached chernozem and leaf diseases was studied. It was found that the soil was more abundant in N-NO₃ when cultivating the hybrids RMS 127, P₂O₅ and K₂O – hybrid RMS 120. The content of N-NO₃ in the soil was higher with no-tillage, and the content of P₂O₅ and K₂O was higher with multi-depth treatment by 10–40%. The lesion of the leaves depends on the disease and the agricultural technique of cultivation. The highest yield of domestic hybrids (40.0–41.6 t/ha) was observed with combined treatment with fertilizers, and foreign hybrids (46.0 t/ha) with multi-depth dumping. The sugar harvest amounted to 7.2–7.5 t/ha for the cultivation of domestic hybrids, and 8.4 t/ha for foreign hybrids.

Associations of nitrogen exchange microorganisms function in the soil in close interdependence, forming a complex biosystem with close trophic and energy relationships. In the technogenic soils of Sumgait, favorable conditions have been created for the development of all physiological groups of microorganisms involved in the nitrogen cycle, with the exception of nitrifying ones. It is possible to use a consortium of nitrogen bacter cultures and microbiocenosis of excess activated sludge in order to increase the biogenicity and productivity of technogenically polluted soils in Sumgait.

The research and work of Nikolai Nikolaevich Melnikov, an outstanding Soviet chemist and founder of chemical plant protection products, influenced the development of this field of science all over the world, including in the USSR. His contacts with Russian scientists contributed to the exchange of valuable scientific experience and undoubtedly contributed to the formation of the Soviet and Russian chemical industries. The article examines the outstanding personality of N.N. Melnikov and his most striking scientific achievements.